Nutrient management plays a vital role in achieving sustainable agricultural productivity; nevertheless, conventional fertilisers often exhibit low efficiency due to nutrient losses via leaching, fixation, volatilisation, and poor bioavailability, especially under calcareous and alkaline soil conditions. Recent developments in agricultural nanotechnology have led to the development of nano-fertilisers that enhance nutrient use efficiency via controlled release, increased mobility, and targeted, precise nutrient delivery to plants. This book chapter provides a comparison of conventional fertilisers and nano-fertilisers, emphasising their differences in agronomic performance, nutrient efficiency, and environmental impact. It further discusses the major categories of nano-fertilisers, including nano-urea, nano-zinc, nano-copper, nano-phosphorus, and other nano-enabled nutrients, highlighting their roles in enhancing crop growth and yield. Various application techniques, including fertigation, soil application, and foliar spraying, are also investigated with respect to crop response and nutrient availability. The chapter also discusses the commercialisation trends, adoption issues, and regulatory aspects of the global market outlook for nano-fertilisers. Lastly, prospects for incorporating nano-fertilisers into sustainable farming systems and precision agriculture are explored, highlighting the necessity of standardised formulations, long-term field assessments, and thorough environmental risk assessments.

Keywords: Conventional fertiliser, Controlled-Release, Sustainable farming, Precision